Performance, Emissions, and Combustion Characteristics of a Hydrogen-Fueled Spark-Ignited Engine at Different Compression Ratios: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

This paper investigates the performance of hydrogen-fueled, spark-ignited, single-cylinder Cooperative Fuel Research using experimental and numerical approaches. study examines effect air–fuel ratio on engine performance, emissions, knock behaviour across different compression ratios. The results indicate that λ significantly affects both with a value 2 yielding highest efficiency lowest emissions for all tested Combustion analysis reveals normal combustion at ≥ 2, while knocking occurs < irrespective Livenwood–Wu integral approach was evaluated to assess likelihood end-gas autoignition based fuel reactivity, demonstrating possibilities are consistent investigations. ignition timing maximum brake torque conditions demonstrates knock-free stable up = 3, increased lower values. To achieve those low λs, spark timings retarded after top dead center crank angle position. Engine-out NOx consistently increase in trend decrease which distinct variation is observed an ratio.